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I. Political achievements and administrative evaluation index system
As an improvement, China's national quantitative economic indicators are concentrated in economic growth and energy conservation. However, under the premise that the industrial structure dominated by high energy consumption and high pollution industries has not been effectively adjusted, the rapid economic growth rate not only pays a large resource and environmental cost, but also increases the target based on expected economic growth. The difficulty of completing the energy saving and emission reduction indicators. On the one hand, the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†determines an average annual GDP growth of 7.5%. On the other hand, the unit energy consumption per unit of GDP is reduced by 20%. If the actual GDP growth rate is about 10%, if the industrial heavy-duty development trend is not controlled, by 2010, the two energy-saving emission reduction targets in the 11th Five-Year Plan are difficult to achieve.
In 2006, when the energy-saving emission reduction targets were not completed well, the national secondary industry added value accounted for 48.7%, of which industrial growth exceeded GDP growth, and industrial growth in high-energy-consuming and high-pollution industries exceeded industrial growth. Since 2007, the value-added growth rate of heavy industry in China has been faster than that of light industry. The growth rate of industrial added value of six major energy-consuming industries such as steel has been faster than that of the same period of last year. The output growth rate of major energy-consuming products has obviously accelerated.
In the planning of various places, the growth rate of GDP is higher than the national economic development goal of the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€. Many places will still pursue high-speed growth as a “hard taskâ€, and regard energy conservation and environmental protection work as “soft tasksâ€. "Laminarly, the growth rate of GDP is amplified downwards. In some places, the expected number of indicators is used to replace the effect of energy conservation and emission reduction, and the real situation of energy conservation and emission reduction is reported. The reason is that the supervision mechanism for energy conservation and emission reduction is imperfect, and the responsibility of the supervisory body is difficult to implement. And because the specific environmental assessment indicators are not refined, lack of operability, and the system of accountability has not yet been formed, the government's environmental responsibility is difficult to implement.
Therefore, to some extent, in order to complete the GDP growth index, it has already affected the completion of energy-saving emission reduction indicators, and the two formed a contradiction. Relatively speaking, in the assessment index system of local governments, GDP is still more rigid than energy-saving emission reduction indicators, and it is more convincing. If the "good and fast" scientific development concept is required, the energy conservation and emission reduction targets should be placed before the GDP indicator. In other words, the ranking of the two major economic indicators in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" should be transferred to reflect the "good and fast" requirements. At the same time, it is also necessary to establish energy conservation and emission reduction. Otherwise, governments at all levels will rank energy conservation and emission reduction work after GDP growth on the grounds that “development is the last word†or “development is the first factorâ€. A pair of contradictions are at a loss, and ultimately the completion of the GDP indicators, leading to the completion of energy-saving emission reduction indicators.
It is necessary to implement the responsibility for energy conservation and environmental protection to all levels of government, to the main leaders, leaders and department heads, and to clarify the responsibility of local governments for energy conservation and emission reduction, and to refine the energy conservation and environmental protection indicators in the local government assessment system. Establish a system of accountability and make it operational. It is necessary to formulate a sound evaluation index system for regional economic and social development, sign the responsibility document for pollution control at all levels, and incorporate the results into the performance evaluation index system for leading cadres and implement the energy consumption indicator bulletin system. It is necessary to establish a sound scientific management system, strive to implement the public participation mechanism, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, timely publicize information to the public, strengthen public opinion supervision, and establish a public supervision mechanism.
Of course, economic growth and energy conservation and emission reduction are not a natural contradiction. Guangdong Province’s “one high and one low†illustrates this point. As the largest economic province with the largest GDP in GDP, energy consumption is the lowest, and Guangdong is also a province with relatively high dependence on energy supply. As the country's largest economic province, it reflects the “fast†economic development. As the first energy-saving province, it reflects the “good†economic development. What is more commendable is that in recent years, Guangdong has moderately developed heavy industry, and the growth rate of heavy industry is higher than that of light industry. Therefore, the achievement of Guangdong’s “one high and one low†performance is particularly difficult. This shows that the GDP of Guangdong is not high energy consumption and high. The pollution was exchanged for the cost.
Second, the concept of economic development and the choice of industrialization
The so-called new industrialization road is to adhere to the development path of using information technology to drive industrialization and industrialization to promote informationization, industrialization and informationization. This is a road called “new†compared to the speed-effective “high-input, high-consumption, high-emission, low-efficiency†traditional industrialization road. The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that China's economic development and reform should take a new road to industrialization. Specifically, it is a new industrialization road with high scientific and technological content, good economic returns, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution, and full utilization of human resources. .
China's industrialization level has entered the middle of development, and developed regions have entered the middle and late stages. According to the traditional industrialization development road, it should enter the stage of heavy chemical industry development, and new industrialization requires the development of information technology. Is heavy-duty and informatization a contradiction? From the perspective of the direction of “moderately heavy†in Guangdong and other places, it is the same as heavy-duty and informatization.
The key is that in the process of industrial restructuring, on the one hand, there are many new heavy projects, but on the other hand, they are not determined to eliminate those backward energy-intensive industries. In addition to grasping economic growth and grasping the fact that energy conservation and consumption reduction are relatively common, China's work in eliminating backward production capacity is also lagging behind. Some localities and industries have imposed bans on the backward production capacity, technology, technology and equipment that the country should eliminate for the sake of local interests and immediate interests. Not only have they not eliminated the backward production capacity that should be eliminated, but they are still adding backward production. ability. On the other hand, we must see that the construction of environmental governance capacity is seriously inadequate. The fundamental factor affecting the treatment of water pollution, desulfurization and urban waste treatment facilities is that the benefits are not obvious, resulting in serious shortage of investment. The sewage treatment charges are low, the construction and operation costs of desulfurization facilities are generally higher than the desulfurization electricity prices, and the urban garbage collection rate is generally not high, which has seriously affected the enthusiasm of local governments for energy conservation and emission reduction. In some places, sewage treatment is perfunctory, even just to cope with inspections. Most industrial energy equipment does not have energy efficiency standards, and national energy conservation standards are too much to the existing technology level, and less reflect future energy conservation requirements.
From the perspective of the industrialization development process of various countries, industry is the industry with the largest energy consumption and the most energy-saving potential. For example, Guangzhou's industrial energy consumption accounts for 60% of the city's total. At the same time, energy consumption is an important part of the production cost of enterprises, and an important indicator of green products in the international market, which greatly affects the competitiveness of products. Promoting energy conservation and efficiency has become the inherent requirement and survival of the company's own development. On the one hand, if enterprises do not reduce costs and increase efficiency through energy conservation and consumption reduction, their own competitive advantages will be weakened, market expansion will be affected, and enterprises will be affected. Survival and development. On the other hand, enterprises can achieve rapid and good development only by promoting energy conservation and reducing consumption and reducing environmental pollution. To this end, Guangzhou has eliminated a number of enterprises with large energy consumption, low output, heavy pollution and backward production capacity in recent years, and has launched the “Returning Two into Three†system project, shutting down, suspending production and relocating 147 industrial enterprises. . In order to promote new industrialization, Guangzhou has adopted eight strategic measures: first, to promote industrial structure optimization; second, to promote industrial energy-saving technology transformation; third, to promote heat and power cooling triple supply; fourth, to promote new energy replacement; fifth, to promote energy-saving management The sixth is to promote the energy-saving and emission reduction work of key energy-consuming enterprises; the seventh is to promote the work of the pilot cities of circular economy; the eighth is to promote multi-layered energy-saving publicity.
In the middle and late stages of industrialization, Guangdong has increased the development of moderately heavy industrialization in recent years, but it is mainly concentrated in high-efficiency and low-energy industries such as electronic information industry, electrical machinery manufacturing industry and pharmaceutical industry with high technical content, ceramics, printing and dyeing, and papermaking. Contoured energy-consuming industries account for a small proportion of industry. Since 2007, Guangdong Province has proposed to vigorously focus on six key tasks such as energy conservation, water conservation, conservation and intensive land use, conservation of raw materials, comprehensive utilization of resources and development of circular economy. Moreover, Guangdong is also or will introduce more energy-saving measures to reduce energy consumption, including saving and replacing oil, green lighting, building energy conservation, government agency energy conservation, cogeneration, waste heat utilization, energy utilization monitoring capacity building and other seven key projects. Not long ago, Guangdong once again announced that it would shut down the province's 9 million kilowatt small thermal power units into actual operation.
Obviously, China's energy conservation and emission reduction work has made positive progress, but there is still a big gap from the completion of the 11th Five-Year Plan. How to correctly understand the situation of energy conservation and emission reduction, accurately explore and grasp the development laws and characteristics of new industrialization, and scientifically guide energy conservation and emission reduction work, become an important issue facing governments and departments at all levels. In actual work, we must seize the main contradictions, carefully analyze their causes, and take effective measures to solve the problem. We must truly implement the scientific development concept, accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure, and control the excessive growth of industries with high energy consumption and high pollution. It is necessary to formulate and implement financial, fiscal, and trade policies that are conducive to emission reductions, and increase pollution control projects such as sewage treatment. It is necessary to strictly implement the EIA system, increase environmental law enforcement, and investigate and deal with environmental violations.
In the current energy conservation and emission reduction work, the most potential is structural adjustment. Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to rationally adjust the industrial structure and product structure, vigorously develop the tertiary industry and high-tech industries with low energy consumption and low emissions, and promote economic growth mainly by relying on industrial driving and quantitative expansion to promote the synergy of the three industries. Optimize the upgrade to drive the transformation. On the other hand, we must vigorously promote the progress of energy saving and emission reduction technologies. We must regard energy conservation and emission reduction as the key areas for government science and technology investment, promote high-tech industrialization, vigorously develop circular economy, give priority to supporting demonstration of key technologies for energy conservation and emission reduction with independent intellectual property rights, and adopt various methods to accelerate the promotion of high-efficiency energy-saving and emission-reduction products. application. Further improve the planning and construction of industrial parks; formulate industrial layout plans for the parks in accordance with the principles of “industry linkage, scientific layout, and intensive land useâ€; raise funds through multiple channels, and launch infrastructures focusing on water, electricity, roads, and sewage projects; Construction.
Third, the role of values ​​and policies and regulations
The concept of political achievements is good, and the concept of development is also good. The most representative of the values ​​of politicians are industrial policies and policies and regulations on energy conservation and emission reduction. These policies and regulations are a kind of value lever, guiding the development direction of energy saving and emission reduction work in the whole society. And effects.
From the situation in most parts of China, the consumption of raw coal is one of the main reasons for the difficulty in energy conservation and consumption reduction. Because of the price, raw coal is much cheaper than oil and natural gas, and economic growth still depends mainly on raw coal. From the industrial structure point of view, China's industrialization is in the medium term, some areas are in the middle and late stages of industrialization, the tendency of industrial heavy-duty is more obvious, and heavy industry is a major energy consumer; from the perspective of industrial policies and related regulations, the effect of energy-saving policies has not been revealed. It is also an important reason for the failure of many local GDP energy consumption targets. However, local governments are currently in the implementation stage of energy conservation and consumption reduction policies, and energy consumption has not yet formed an effective moderation. The policy still needs a process.
It can be said that the situation facing China's energy conservation and emission reduction work is still grim. Specifically, the implementation of industrial policies is still not in place, the energy conservation and emission reduction and technological progress of key enterprises are not well grasped, and the support for the development of circular economy is insufficient; the pricing policy is still weak, and the price means cannot be used to encourage energy conservation. The fiscal and taxation policies are not strong enough. The lack of necessary tax support policies for the development and promotion of renewable energy and energy-saving and environmental protection technology equipment encouraged by the state; the penalties are unreasonable, and it is difficult for effective enterprises to form effective deterrents; The system of investigation is still not perfect. It is difficult for the environmentally illegal enterprises to be held accountable for criminal responsibility of the relevant responsible persons. The environmental pollution damage compensation system has not been established yet, which has contributed to the environmental violations of enterprises and the current law to the environment of enterprises. The illegal act is only a one-time punishment. The continuous punishment of the continuous environmental violations of the same enterprise is still not clearly stated in the law. There are still disputes in practice, and so on. The tendency of these policies and regulations is still a question of values, that is, what kind of development is in line with the fundamental interests of mankind, and what kind of lifestyle is more humane.
We must take practical and effective measures to establish a correct view of political achievements, development concepts and values, and promote the "good and fast" development of the economy; promote the optimization of economic structure and the transformation of development mode, build a new industrialization system; establish a diversified investment and financing channel, and ensure that Capital investment in energy conservation and environmental protection project construction; establishment and improvement of management system, strengthening of work responsibilities; improvement of energy conservation and environmental protection legislation and law implementation supervision.
Energy conservation and environmental protection work has become an important foundation for ensuring sustained, stable and healthy development of China's economy and society, maintaining ecological balance and excellent environment. With the continuous population growth, rapid economic development, accelerated urbanization, and gradual improvement of people's living standards, China's energy bottlenecks and environmental pollution problems are more prominent. It is necessary to formulate and implement incentive policies for strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction as soon as possible, establish and improve the guarantee mechanism for energy conservation and emission reduction, and promote energy conservation and pollutant emission reduction through various economic levers such as fiscal and taxation policies and price policies, and form a combination of incentives and constraints. Energy saving and emission reduction mechanism. Actively implement, implement and implement the Laws and Regulations such as the Energy Conservation Law, the Water Pollution Prevention Law, the Clean Production Promotion Law, and the Circular Economy Law, so that energy conservation, emission reduction and emission reduction work can be put on the rule of law and gradually established and We will improve the compensation system for environmental pollution damage and ensure that China is truly embarking on a new road to industrialization.
Energy conservation and consumption reduction and the fundamental problems facing new industrialization
China's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" requires a 20% reduction in GDP per unit of energy consumption in 2010. However, in 2006, energy conservation and emission reductions across the country were generally unsatisfactory, which formed a strong task for the completion of the second half of the 11th Five-Year Plan. pressure. These problems are highlighted in the fact that energy conservation and emission reduction work does not meet the requirements of binding indicators, industrial structure adjustment work is slow, structural pollution problems are serious, and environmental governance capacity is insufficient. How to vigorously promote energy conservation and consumption reduction, and accelerate the process of new industrialization, we must explore solutions to the fundamental problems.