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Three forms of deformation joints and setting methods
**Three Types of Deformation Joints and Their Installation Methods**
Buildings are often subjected to external forces, which can cause deformation, cracking, or even structural damage. To prevent such issues, engineers use deformation joints—specific construction joints designed to accommodate movement. These joints are typically categorized into three main types: expansion joints, settlement joints, and seismic joints. Each serves a unique purpose in maintaining the integrity and safety of a structure.
**Expansion Joints**
These joints are primarily used to manage thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature and humidity changes. They allow different parts of a building to move independently without causing cracks or structural failure. Expansion joints are usually vertical and run through walls, floors, and roofs, separating the structure above the foundation. This design helps each section expand or contract freely. Since temperature fluctuations are the main driver, these joints are also known as "temperature joints."
The maximum spacing between expansion joints varies depending on materials, structural type, environmental conditions, and local climate. For example, masonry structures typically require joints every 100–150 meters, while reinforced concrete buildings may need them every 35–75 meters. Unreinforced concrete structures generally have shorter intervals, around 10–20 meters. Design codes provide specific guidelines for each type of structure.
When installing expansion joints, it's important to ensure they can handle horizontal movement. On exterior walls, the gaps should be filled with flexible, water-resistant materials like asphalt-impregnated hemp, wood boards, neoprene, or foam. These are often covered with galvanized metal, aluminum, or plastic sheets for protection. Interior joints are usually hidden under trim, panels, or flooring. Floor joints can be sealed with asphalt and hemp, with movable covers or rubber strips to prevent dust from settling below. Roof joints are typically covered with metal sheets or precast slabs, focusing on waterproofing. In underground structures, additional layers like glass cloth linoleum or rubber sheets are added to meet waterproofing requirements.
In monolithic reinforced concrete buildings, a special type of expansion joint called a "post-cast joint" is sometimes used. These temporary joints are left open during initial construction and filled later, allowing the concrete to shrink before being sealed. The width of such joints is usually 50–100 cm, and they are spaced about 20–25 meters apart. The filling material often includes concrete mixed with aluminum powder to reduce shrinkage.
It’s worth noting that the approach to expansion joints varies globally. Some countries, like Germany and the former Soviet Union, enforce strict spacing rules to avoid cracks, while others, such as Japan and the U.S., rely more on stress calculations and often omit expansion joints altogether. The UK and France take a more flexible approach.
**Settlement Joints**
These are designed to prevent damage caused by uneven foundation settlement. Unlike expansion joints, settlement joints extend from the foundation up through the entire structure, allowing different parts to settle independently. They are commonly used when there are significant differences in building height, load, or soil compressibility.
Key principles for setting settlement joints include:
- At corners or changes in building shape
- When there are large height or load differences
- When the building is too long
- When the soil beneath the foundation has varying compressibility
- When the foundation type changes
**Seismic Joints**
In regions with high seismic activity (8 degrees or higher), seismic joints are installed to protect buildings from earthquake-induced damage. These joints are vertical and run from the top of the foundation to the roof, dividing the structure into independent, rigid units. The minimum gap is typically 50–100 mm, with walls on both sides to maintain stability.
Key considerations for seismic joints include:
- A facade height difference of more than 6 meters
- Irregular floor heights or staggered levels
- Uneven structural rigidity across different sections
In earthquake-prone areas, if a building requires either expansion or settlement joints, they should be treated similarly to seismic joints to ensure overall structural resilience.
By carefully planning and implementing these deformation joints, architects and engineers can significantly enhance the durability and safety of buildings in various environments.
Adaptive material cabinets are a groundbreaking innovation in storage solutions. These cabinets possess the ability to sense and react to their surroundings, offering customizable and efficient storage experiences. By incorporating intelligent materials, these cabinets can adjust their size, shape, or internal configuration to accommodate various objects and spaces.
Classification:
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Classification:
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Classification:
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