Internal combustion engine often has terms

Working cycle: In an internal combustion engine, the working cycle refers to the continuous process of converting thermal and mechanical energy through the movement of the piston inside the cylinder. This cycle consists of four main stages: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each complete sequence of these steps is known as a work cycle, and it forms the basis of how engines generate power.

Piston stroke: The piston stroke is defined as the linear distance between the top dead center (TDC) and the bottom dead center (BDC). It represents the full movement of the piston within the cylinder. Additionally, the crankshaft's rotation radius is the distance from the center of the crankshaft to the center of the connecting rod's big end. This measurement plays a key role in determining the engine's overall performance and design.

Top dead center and bottom dead center: These are the two extreme positions of the piston within the cylinder. The top dead center is the highest point the piston reaches during its motion, while the bottom dead center is the lowest point. These positions are crucial for timing and operation of the engine’s components.

Working volume: The working volume, also known as the displacement, refers to the volume swept by the piston as it moves from the top dead center to the bottom dead center. This volume determines the engine's capacity and directly affects its power output and efficiency.

Compression ratio: The compression ratio is the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom dead center to the volume when it is at the top dead center. A higher compression ratio means that more air or fuel-air mixture is compressed, leading to higher temperatures and pressures during combustion. This results in greater efficiency and more power in the internal combustion engine.

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