In a well-balanced grid-connected configuration, a solar array generates power during the day that is then used in the home at night. Net metering programs allow solar generator owners to get paid if their system produces more power than what is needed in the home. In off-grid solar applications, a battery bank, charge controller, and in most cases, an inverter are necessary components. The solar array sends direct current (DC) electricity through the charge controller to the battery bank. The power is then drawn from the battery bank to the inverter, which converts the DC current into alternating current (AC) that can be used for non-DC appliances. Assisted by an inverter, solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding electrical load requirements. The AC current can be used to power loads in homes or commercial buildings, recreational vehicles and boats, remote cabins, cottages, or homes, remote traffic controls, telecommunications equipment, oil and gas flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA, and much more.
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What Is A Solar Panel?
Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels") are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power electrical loads.
Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems.
How Do Solar Panels Work?
Solar panels collect clean renewable energy in the form of sunlight and convert that light into electricity which can then be used to provide power for electrical loads. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells which are themselves composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the negative charge), and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels absorb the photons and in doing so initiate an electric current. The resulting energy generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their atomic orbits and released into the electric field generated by the solar cells which then pull these free electrons into a directional current. This entire process is known as the Photovoltaic Effect. An average home has more than enough roof area for the necessary number of solar panels to produce enough solar electricrity to supply all of its power needs excess electricity generated goes onto the main power grid, paying off in electricity use at night.
Excellent film conductivity due to new printing technology
In a recent breakthrough reported on June 2 by the Physicist Organization Network, American scientists have developed an innovative printing technique that not only speeds up the production process but also works with a wide range of organic materials. The resulting organic semiconductor films show exceptional performance, marking a significant step forward in the field of organic electronics. Researchers from Stanford University and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), supported by the U.S. Department of Defense, highlighted this advancement in the latest issue of *Nature Materials Science*, suggesting it could spark a new revolution in the industry.
Organic electronic devices hold great promise for various applications, such as flexible displays, low-cost solar cells, and wearable sensors. However, current organic semiconductor films often suffer from poor electrical conductivity. To address this challenge, the research team introduced a novel printing method that significantly improves the conductivity of the films—up to ten times better than existing technologies. This improvement opens the door to more efficient and affordable electronic solutions.
Yan Ying, a postdoctoral researcher at SLAC and Stanford, emphasized that the new method is not only effective but also scalable, making it suitable for industrial applications. "What's most important is that this technique can be adapted to meet the demands of mass production," she said.
One of the key challenges in rapid printing is uneven ink distribution, which can lead to inconsistent film quality. Traditionally, this issue has been overlooked, but Yan Ying took a different approach by carefully controlling the flow of the liquid solution used to dissolve organic materials. She designed a specialized printing blade embedded with tiny pillars that help mix the ink uniformly. Additionally, she created precise chemical patterns on the surface to guide crystal growth, preventing unwanted, disordered structures from forming.
Through these innovations, the team was able to produce large, well-aligned crystal strips that allow for efficient charge transport. To validate their findings, they conducted X-ray analysis at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), refining the method through several iterations. Their results showed that the crystals produced using the new technique were not only ten times more conductive but also structurally superior to those made with other methods.
The researchers further tested the technique with a different organic semiconductor material that had a completely distinct molecular structure. Despite the differences, the quality of the resulting film improved dramatically, indicating that the technology is versatile and applicable to a broad range of materials.
Professor Baozhan Nan from the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences and SLAC scientists Stefan and Mansfield, who were also involved in the study, noted that the next step is to explore the relationship between materials and processes. They believe this research will enable better control over the electronic properties of printed materials, ultimately leading to optimized performance in future devices.
This groundbreaking development represents a major leap forward in the field of organic electronics, offering a promising path toward more advanced, flexible, and cost-effective electronic systems.