[Fire Extinguishing] Winter Fire Characteristics and Fire Fighting

Abstract : Based on the actual fire fighting needs, this paper analyzes the characteristics of fires in winter and the situation of fire fighting. The factors that affect the fire suppression in cold climate are analyzed, and the countermeasures for preparing for fire extinguishing in winter and fighting fires are put forward.

Keywords: firefighting force; winter; fire fighting

In the study of fire fighting strategies, the incidence of fire, the rate of fire extinguishment, the number of casualties, and economic losses have a lot to do with seasonal climate change. In the spring, the wind is high and dry, the summer is hot and rainy, the autumn is dry, the winter is cold, the climate is cold, the seasons and climate are replaced and changed, directly or indirectly to the firefighting work, especially to the development of the fire, fire prevention and fire Extinguishing work will have a certain impact. This pattern of change and change is evident in the northern regions of our country, and its performance is also quite outstanding. Based on the fire extinguishing practice and research, this article discusses the characteristics of fires in winter ( cold areas ) and fire fighting strategies to provide reference for comrades engaged in fire fighting training.

1 Basic characteristics of winter ( cold climate )

Climate is directly related to temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, amount of wind and clouds, sunshine, topography and latitude and longitude. Judging from the situation in our province, it is located in the most northeastern part of the motherland and south of latitude 43 . 23 , North to North Wei 53 . 24, the longitudinal 10 latitude and 1 min; 121 west longitude beginning. 13 , east to longitude 135 . 05 , 52 points across 13 latitudes . The geographical latitude is high, the area is vast, and the terrain is complex. The basic features of its winter climate are:

1 . 1 The temperature is cold and there is a large temperature difference between day and night. In the dry and cold temperatures and polar continental air mass, very little precipitation, from November to February in the following year only 5% of the total precipitation of the year or less, an average temperature between 18 ℃ ~ a 30 ℃.

1 . 2 Snowfall is more, and the snow is getting longer. Snowfall is around 20 mm , snowfall days are generally between 20 and 30 days, and snow days average around 120 days.

1 . 3 Cold climate spans a long time. Since winter heating period in the year October 20 to April 20 next year, during November to next February frosty accompanied by snowstorms, cold and dry up over four months.

2 Characteristics of winter ( cold climate ) fire and analysis of fire fighting

In winter, the climate is cold, and it lasts for a long time in northern China. In order to keep out the cold, various closed warm measures are adopted in the production and living areas ( houses ) . The fire, electricity, and gas consumption increase, resulting in an increase in fire factors. This is a period of high fire risk.

2 . 1 The amount of gas used for electricity by fire increases, and the fire factor increases. Due to the cold weather and low temperatures, production and life need to consume a lot of heat, rural stoves and fire walls are warmed, and the amount of gas used in towns and towns is increased. Boilers, electric heaters, electric stoves, electric cookers, and electric heating air are used once they are neglected. Management, the use of fire carelessness, electrical short circuit, overload and other reasons can easily lead to fire. According to statistics put out the fire in Harbin in 2003, two quarters in the first quarter and the fourth quarter of fighting the fire out for the whole year out of 55. 13 % , of which fire extinguishment from November to February was 68 in two quarters . 67 % .

2 . 2 Insulation of warmth, flammable flammable substances, poor access to evacuation channels, rapid fire smoke burning, large toxic gas, easy to cause fire burning and serious casualties. For example, 238 people from the large-scale vicious fire in the dance hall in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, were buried in the flames. The fire on the four floors of the financial commercial building in Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province, which was burned by 10 people, was devastated by poor fires, and the combustible substances had a direct relationship with them.

2 . 3 Residents, densely populated places, small warehouses, small shops, car repair factories, small karaoke bars, and underground fires are prominent. According to analysis of the fire fighting situation in Harbin in 2003 , the fire extinguishment during this period accounted for 55 of the above-mentioned year . 38 % , 91 . 67 % , 61 . 65 % , 57 . 83 % , 100 % , 69 . 35 % .

2 . 4 Fire fighting is difficult, and the cost of firefighting is high. According to Harbin in 2002 and 2003 fire fighting Analysis: In 2002, the year the fire out 5593 times, dispatched officers and 68,780 passengers, combat vehicles 21376 times, water jetting 29,024. 9 to the cold weather from November to next April fire out 3247 times, accounting for 58% of the year, dispatched officers and 39,074 times. 56 years of the year . 8%, combat vehicles 13,565 units, accounting for the year of 62. 4 % , water jet 18 090 t , accounting for 62 % of the year . 3 %. In addition, three out of the fire 247, wherein the inner lOh 20 am and 6:00 the next day at night fire out 2163 times, accounted for 66. 6 % . In 2003 the number of fire out 5927 times, officers and 107,388 passengers, combat vehicles 28578 times, water jetting 49,045. 6 t . Wherein from November to April the following year, 3594 extinguishing times out, accounted for 60. 64%, 60,461 officers and men, accounting for 56 of the year. 3 %, 16 484 combat vehicles , accounting for 57 of the year . 68 % , shooting 27 608 . 6 t , accounting for 56 of the year . 29 %. From the analysis of the two-year fire extinguishment analysis, the number of fire suppressions in the winter, the number of combatants participating in the fighting, the data on the number of fire fighting vehicles, the fire extinguishing agent, the consumption of fire-extinguishing equipment, and combat time are all higher than those in other periods.

2 . 5 The development of fire is fast, the area of ​​the fire is large, the casualties are heavy, and the economic loss is large. From the end of the last century to the first two years of this century, most of the large-scale fires that shocked the Chinese and foreign countries took place during the colder winter months. Xinjiang Karamay City Friendship Hall, Luoyang Dongdu Commercial Building, Harbin Tiantan Hotel, Jilin Zhongbai Commercial Building and other extraordinary fires, fierce fire, fierce fire, heavy casualties and huge losses. According to statistics, in 1996 the country informed of 10 cases of catastrophic fire, eight occurred in the winter of 1999, the country announced 10 cases of major fires, seven of which occurred in the colder period.

3 Influence of winter ( cold weather ) on fire fighting

3 . 1 The temperature is low, there is more wind and snow, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the thickness of frozen ground reaches 2 ITI , roads and buildings are frozen, and the unsafe factors of fire extinguishing operations increase, and accidents such as fall injury and frostbite are prone to occur.

3 . 2 Combat vehicle water pumps, water supply lines, water separators, climbing tools, and fire-fighting equipment and equipment are used to indicate that the warfighters' combat clothing is prone to freezing, which increases the difficulty of extinguishing the fire and affects the fire-fighting efficiency.

3 . 3 Firefighters wear thick clothes, carry more tools, increase physical loads, have poor flexibility, and are involved in extinguishing fires. The speed of action in fire scenes is relatively slow, combat time is relatively extended, and the amount of combat input is large.

3 . (4) Buildings are closed to the cold, fire evacuation is difficult, fire detection, fire demolition, fire water supply, and internal fire extinguishing increase the difficulty.

3 . 5 The officers and men are in the period of reversal and reparation, the personnel are relatively reduced, and the combatants continue to fight, which increases the degree of fatigue, especially when operating under severe cold. The body's ability to resist coldness is limited. According to medical experts and meteorological research, internal body temperature 37qC, skin temperature under normal circumstances is 33qC, if excessive cold, so that the rectal temperature drops to 32qC or 31 qC, people will lose consciousness, if you will die down to 26 ℃ The skin freezes at a temperature of 10 qC , a wind speed of 10 m / s, or no wind temperature as low as 40 qC .

3 . 6 Equipment equipment and fire extinguishing agents are used in large quantities and consume large amounts of time. It takes a long time to resume combat readiness.

4 Winter ( cold weather ) fire preparation and fire suppression

There are many unfavorable factors in the fire suppression work in winter, which not only increases the difficulty of fire fighting, but also puts forward more and higher requirements for fire preparation. In this regard, all levels of commanders and grass-roots combat squadrons must fully prepare themselves for ideology, organization, training, equipment and equipment, tactics and techniques, and keep the cold warm to ensure that the troops can pull in and catch up under the cold weather conditions. Winning.

4 . 1 Think highly of ideologically and prepare for extinguishing fires in advance. The actual battle tells us that "all things are pre-established, and they are not pre-conditioned." In winter, there are frequent fires, frequent fire extinguishing, heavy fire fighting and heavy fire fighting. The fire fighting must be highly ideologically meticulous, organized and meticulous, and materially safeguarded. In the strict duty system, all officers and soldiers must understand the situation. , Clear tasks, grasp the characteristics of winter fires, and correctly use fire-fighting measures, and make every effort to extinguish the fire and hit the big gong.

4 . 2 Strengthen the management of fire protection facilities for public fire water sources to ensure normal operation under severe cold weather conditions. Branches, squads, and squadrons must organize special forces and personnel to carry out thorough inspections of fire-fighting water sources and fire-fighting facilities and do a good job of preventing cold and heat. In particular, after a fire is extinguished, special personnel must check and maintain the used fire water sources and facilities in a timely manner to restore normal conditions.

4 . 3 Strengthen the camps, vehicles, equipment and equipment to extinguish the cold and keep warm. Before the arrival of winter, all combat units must conduct comprehensive maintenance of the barracks, take safety warm measures, ensure that the combat reserve garage is not less than 15qC , the barracks room temperature should not be less than 20qC , and the fire-fighting vehicle pumps, interfaces, and valves should be kept clean without leakage. Phenomenon, and do a good job of cold treatment. To install heaters for large vehicles, special vehicles and main vehicles, each combat vehicle should be equipped with portable torches, hot water bottles, and snow chains. Various types of fire-extinguishing equipment must be doubled, and water supply lines and equipment, in particular, must not be less than 3 times. The brigade command department should increase the frequency of on-duty combat inspections, equipped with equipment and equipment vehicles, and boiler steam cars.

4 . 4 Strengthen the provision of personal protective equipment for commanders and combat personnel , and do a good job in protection against cold. In winter, the climate is cold and the water drips into ice . The officers and men perform fire-fighting operations at temperatures of minus 20 degrees and temperatures of minus 30 degrees, often in-depth extinguishing a fire, and come out full of ice. The frostbite on the fire is generally exposed. Therefore, Focus on strengthening the cold protection of opponents, feet, and faces. In addition, the winter fire fighting equipment replacement increases the number of individuals, each battle is often a change, sometimes more for a war, which should increase with the amount, the general should be 2 times the normal equipment. In order to restore combat readiness as soon as possible, each combat squadron should set up a drying room to timely dry the team equipment and fire-fighting equipment to ensure that the troops need to be dispatched multiple times.

4 . 5 Strengthen the research and adaptive and applied training of fire extinguishing in winter fires to improve the ability of commanders and fighters to resist cold and actual combat.

(1) Strengthen the study and study of tactics for the characteristics of winter fires. Emphasis shall be placed on strengthening the use of tactical and technical measures such as the first dispatch, firefighting reconnaissance, internal attack and close combat, fire rescue, anti-skid climbing, fire demolition, fire field water supply, and fire safety, to ensure the effective implementation of the basic fire-fighting measures.

(2) Strengthen the training of commanders and athletes in physical fitness and cold resistance. Persisting in adaptive training in cold climates, we must arrange no less than 4 hours of outdoor physical fitness training every day , increase outdoor activity, strengthen weight-bearing running, and non-slip climbing training to enhance the physical constitution of the officers and soldiers and improve their ability to resist cold and cold.

(3) Deeply carry out "six familiars" and strengthen applied training. For units with concentrated personnel and large amounts of electricity, physical warehouses, residential shantytowns, shopping malls, hotels, and hotels should be familiarized with, and field-based application training should be conducted to enable commanders to master and use evacuation channels, fire water sources, and fire protection. Facilities, architectural features and fire fighting methods. For the characteristics of many fires at night, the organization of troops to carry out night training, training night out of the police, ice and snow roads to start fighting and cold protection techniques and tactics, and enhance the actual combat capabilities.

4 . 6 Strengthen the organization and command of the fire field, and increase the ability to extinguish fire fighting action in the first time. In the winter, not only is the climate cold fire prone to occur, but it also affects many fire fighting factors. Ice and snow roads affect the speed of movement, and the speed of the fighting vehicles is reduced by about 30 % compared with other seasons. There are more restrictions on how to dress and increase the thickness of portable equipment. Fire detection, The suppression of fighting, the erection of climbing tools, the demolition of fire scenes, and the supply of fire on fire sites have been relatively slowed down. In addition, the number of troops has decreased over a relatively long period of time. In particular, night fires are found late and the alarms are late, which can easily lead to increased combustion, trapped personnel, and difficulty in extinguishing fires. Therefore, the fire extinguishing power must be mobilized due to "time," "depending on circumstances," and "increasing." "When" is the time when the fire occurred, such as the first launch at night; "According to circumstances," the weather is particularly cold, wind and snow is larger, the burning area is large, there are personnel trapped, the urgency of the alarm, the number of times, to double out; “Increase” When there is a fire in a key unit such as a densely populated facility, on the basis of strengthening the first deployment, 1 to 2 reinforcements are added at the same time to ensure that the first dispatch completely controls the fire scene in the first time and reaches a concentration advantage. Forces to fight annihilation requirements and to take the initiative in extinguishing operations.

4 . 7 Strengthen fire safety protection and ensure logistical support

(1) When the alarm is dispatched, the officers and men must dress thoroughly and carry personal equipment to prevent frostbite.

(2) When rushing to the fire site, it is necessary to grasp the speed of the vehicle according to the road conditions and maintain the connection between the command vehicle and the follow-up vehicle.

(3) expand the battle to choose a shortcut route to shorten the hose lines, water supply lines should use large diameter hose, water gun, water separator and pump anti} Shaw (car) protective clear for a long time to close water cannons and water separator , To ensure uninterrupted water supply, the driver in the process of changing vehicles and transporting water should dry the pump outlet and water outlet to avoid freezing.

(4) The erection of climbing tools should be firm. The upper and lower personnel should be protected by special personnel. When fighting fires at high altitude or house covers , anti-skid measures such as safety rope protection should be taken to ensure the safety of high-altitude operations. The front-line combat personnel must carry good lighting and communication. Equipment, always keep in touch with the rear.

(5) Large fire scenes, long fighting time, equipment and equipment vehicles, oil tanker and other logistics support vehicles must arrive at the scene in time to prepare for on-site supply. The commander should carry out the rotation of the combatants according to the fire fighting situation and the progress of the fire scene, and timely supply hot water and diet.

(6) The commander of the fire site shall constantly supervise and inspect the safety precautions against frostbite and fall of the combatants to ensure the safety of the officers and soldiers and the completion of the fire fighting task.

This article is from the Internet and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.