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What is the basic working principle of the screw pump
The screw pump operates by using the rotational movement of the screws to draw in and expel liquid. As depicted in the accompanying diagram, this is a cross-section of a three-screw pump. In the image, the central screw serves as the active screw, powered by the primary drive mechanism. The two surrounding screws act as driven screws, rotating in reverse synchronization with the active screw. Both the active and driven screws feature double-headed threads. Due to the interlocking nature of the screws and their tight alignment with the internal walls of the housing, one or more sealed chambers are created between the pump's suction and discharge points. As the screws rotate and engage, these sealed areas continually form at the suction end of the pump, trapping liquid within the suction chamber and progressively displacing it axially along the screws toward the discharge end, where they are finally sealed off in distinct compartments. This continuous discharge process mirrors the forward motion of a nut being driven along a threaded rod, which forms the fundamental operational principle of the screw pump.
Key features of the screw pump include its efficiency and cost-effectiveness, along with its ability to deliver high-pressure, uniform flows at consistent rates. It is capable of operating at high speeds and is often used for transporting lubricating oils, fuels, various types of oils, polymers, and other viscous liquids. The pump’s operational mechanism involves drawing liquid into the sealed spaces formed between the screw threads and the pump casing. As the driving screw turns, the pressure within the pump rises due to the squeezing action of the threads, propelling the liquid axially along the screws. Given the constant rotational speed of the screws, the output flow remains uniform.
One of the key advantages of the screw pump is its capability to handle high-viscosity media, depending on the pump's size, allowing it to manage fluids with viscosities measured in centipoise. It can also handle media containing particles or fibers, with particle diameters up to 30mm (not exceeding the rotor's eccentricity) and fiber lengths up to 350mm (equivalent to 0.4 times the pitch of the rotor). Typically, such media can contain up to 40% solid matter. If the solid content consists of fine powders, the pump can handle concentrations of up to 60% or more.
The screw pump is particularly well-suited for applications requiring stable delivery pressures without damaging the inherent properties of the medium. For instance, in scenarios involving the transportation of materials like slurries or highly viscous substances, the screw pump offers an optimal solution. Additional considerations, such as the pump's range and safe operational procedures, further highlight its versatility and reliability.
For those interested in rotor pumps, related articles provide insights into structures, principles, and operational guidelines. These resources can be invaluable for understanding how similar designs operate and contribute to efficient fluid handling across various industries.