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What is the basic working principle of the screw pump
The screw pump operates by utilizing the rotational movement of the screws to draw in and expel liquid. As depicted in the diagram, this cross-sectional view illustrates a three-screw pump. In the image, the central screw serves as the active screw, powered by the main driver. The screws on either side act as the driven screws, rotating in reverse to the active screw. Both the active and driven screws feature double-headed threads. Owing to the interlocking nature of the screws and their tight alignment with the inner wall of the housing, one or more sealed chambers form between the suction and discharge points of the pump. As the screws rotate and mesh together, these sealed chambers continually form at the suction end of the pump, trapping liquid within the suction chamber and progressively displacing it axially along the screws from the suction end toward the discharge end. This process creates successive chambers where the liquid is finally discharged, akin to a nut traveling forward along a screw’s length during its rotation. This is the fundamental operational mechanism of a screw pump.
Screw pumps are renowned for their efficiency, economical performance, high-pressure capability, uniform flow rates, and ability to maintain consistent speeds. They are widely used for transporting lubricating oils, fuels, various types of oils, polymers, and other viscous liquids. During operation, the screw pump draws liquid into the sealed spaces created by the screw threads and the pump casing. As the driving screw turns, the pressure within the pump increases due to the compression exerted by the screw threads, propelling the liquid axially. Given the constant rotational speed of the screws, the liquid's outflow remains uniform.
These pumps are particularly adept at handling high-viscosity media, with the capacity to manage substances ranging from several hundred to several thousand centipoise depending on the pump size. They can also accommodate media containing particles or fibers, with particle diameters up to 30mm (as long as they do not exceed the rotor's eccentricity) and fiber lengths up to 350mm (equivalent to 0.4 times the rotor's pitch). Typically, the content of such particles or fibers can reach up to 40% of the total medium. If the medium contains fine powders, the content can even reach up to 60% or more. Screw pumps ensure stable delivery pressures, minimizing damage to the medium's inherent structure, making them an ideal choice for single-screw pumping applications. For further insights into rotor pumps, consider reading about their structure, principles, application ranges, and safe operating procedures.