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[Technology] α+β Titanium Alloy
Titanium alloys of the (α+β) type are commonly modified by adding stabilizing elements for both α and β phases. These alloys exhibit excellent ductility, making them easy to forge, roll, and stamp. They can also be strengthened through quenching and aging processes, with their strength increasing by 50% to 100% after heat treatment. TC4, a well-known example of (α+β) titanium alloy, has a composition of Ti-6Al-4V. After undergoing quenching and aging, its microstructure consists of blocky α, β phase, and acicular α. The needle-like α phase forms during aging from the β matrix. Due to its high strength, good ductility, and structural stability at temperatures up to 400°C, TC4 is widely used in applications requiring long-term performance under elevated temperatures. It also shows high creep resistance, good low-temperature toughness, and strong resistance to stress corrosion in seawater, as well as thermal and salt stress corrosion. Therefore, it is ideal for manufacturing parts such as high-temperature engine components, rocket and missile liquid nitrogen fuel tanks, and other structures operating in extreme environments.
Cast titanium alloys possess good tensile strength and fracture toughness, with long-term and creep strength comparable to that of deformed alloys. However, their plasticity and fatigue resistance tend to be lower. Table 15-2 outlines the different grades and applications of cast titanium alloys across major countries around the world.
In China, titanium casting began in 1964 when the Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials initiated research into titanium smelting and casting technologies. Later, the Northwest Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Plant introduced 150kg titanium melting equipment. Today, there are approximately 10 research and production units in China focused on developing and manufacturing titanium and its alloy castings.
Currently, the primary molding techniques for domestic titanium castings still rely on machined and tamped graphite molds. However, precision casting technology has not been widely adopted, and there remains a noticeable gap between Chinese casting capabilities and those of foreign countries in terms of quality and technological advancement.