The Causes of Rolling Bearing Failures and Detection Methods

Source: Bearing Network | Time: 2013-06-04

When a locomotive is in operation, any failure in the bearing can lead to the entire train being inoperable. This is especially critical for passenger trains, where such failures can have serious safety implications. Therefore, preventing and reducing bearing issues is crucial for ensuring safe train operations. Detecting potential bearing problems before installation is essential, as it helps ensure that only qualified bearings are used on the train. Bearing damage is often not caused by a single factor. It is important to analyze the root causes of bearing failures. One common cause is abnormal wear due to prolonged use beyond the bearing's expected service life. Over time, this leads to material fatigue, which, combined with high impact forces, can cause deformation of the material. The rolling elements and raceways may then experience surface peeling or chipping, resulting in reduced smoothness and increased vibration. Proper lubrication is vital for maintaining the performance of locomotive bearings. Excessive lubrication ensures good smoothing effects, while insufficient or excessive oiling can both lead to problems. Too little oil can cause overheating, and too much oil can lead to mixing and overheating. If impurities or water enter the lubricant, it can disrupt the normal clearance and prevent the formation of a proper oil film, further increasing the risk of failure. After extended use, bearings may develop defects and scratches on their inner ring, rolling elements, cage, outer ring, and raceway. These imperfections can lead to increased heat generation. Prolonged heat can accelerate material fatigue, reduce hardness, and dilute the lubricating oil, all of which contribute to further degradation. Another major cause of bearing issues comes from improper assembly or misalignment. For example, if the interference fit between the bearing inner ring and the shaft does not match, it can result in excessive tensile stress, leading to cracks or deformation. Improper installation techniques, such as using a copper hammer to strike the bearing, can also cause cage deformation. Incorrect positioning of the motor bearingâ€™s inner and outer rings can lead to axial movement issues, causing the bearing to be compressed. In addition, an incorrect assembly clearance can also lead to bearing problems. A small clearance can cause friction between the rollers and raceway, leading to increased temperatures. As different components expand at varying rates due to temperature differences, the clearance continues to decrease, worsening the problem and increasing heat generation. It is crucial to follow proper installation procedures and maintain regular inspections to detect early signs of bearing failure. By understanding the causes and implementing effective detection methods, railway operators can significantly improve safety and reliability.
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